MRCP UK EXAMINATIONS

Detailed explanation-1: -Orthopnea occurs when a person is lying flat, so sleeping with their head raised allows for easier breathing at night. In some cases, multiple pillows may be needed to sit straight up.

Detailed explanation-2: -Orthopnea is the sensation of breathlessness in the recumbent position, relieved by sitting or standing. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) is a sensation of shortness of breath that awakens the patient, often after 1 or 2 hours of sleep, and is usually relieved in the upright position.

Detailed explanation-3: -The orthopneic position is used to help decrease the breathing effort of individuals experiencing dyspnea or shortness of breath, primarily due to orthopnea.

Detailed explanation-4: -The most common cause of orthopnea is due to heart disease, such as congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, or valvular dysfunction. In heart failure or coronary artery disease, the left ventricle may be unable to adequately pump blood into systemic circulation.