(A) Germany:they were crippled by reparations.
(B) Turkey:they were in the grip of civil war.
(C) United Kingdom:they just needed more money.
(D) ** Austria:they were adjusting to being a small landlocked country now dependent upon agriculture for its wealth.
EXPLANATIONS BELOW
Concept note-1: -Characterised by remoteness from global markets due to the absence of territorial access to the sea, landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) grapple with myriad special challenges, including complex procedures for border transit, exacerbated by poor infrastructure, inefficient logistics systems and weak institutions.
Concept note-2: -Afghanistan’s economic collapse was caused by a combination of factors and decisions taken by governments and international institutions, outlined below, and on a larger level, by the US and the Taliban’s failure to reach an agreement to avert the humanitarian impacts of the change in governance in August 2021.