GENERAL HISTOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron consists of a ball formed of small blood capillaries (glomerulus) and a small tube called a renal tubule.

Detailed explanation-2: -The bean-shaped kidneys filter waste products out of the bloodstream and dispose of them by creating urine. Urine is made of these waste products dissolved in water.

Detailed explanation-3: -The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. Each nephron filters blood, reabsorbs substances such as sodium and glucose for reuse in the body, and secretes excess or toxic substances such as urea to produce urine.

Detailed explanation-4: -Urea is thus removed from both erythrocyte and plasma water as blood passes through the dialyzer, so that with adequate membrane size and dialysate flow, the blood passing through the dialyzer is largely cleared of urea (2, 34).

Detailed explanation-5: -Urea is filtered across the glomerulus and enters the proximal tubule. The concentration of urea in the ultrafiltrate is similar to plasma, so the amount of urea entering the proximal tubule is controlled by the GFR. In general, 30%–50% of the filtered load of urea is excreted.