GENERAL HISTOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Some bacteria cause disease by making a harmful protein called a toxin. Several vaccines are made by taking toxins and inactivating them with a chemical (the toxin, once inactivated, is called a toxoid).

Detailed explanation-2: -Invasive bacteria such as Salmonella, Listeria, Yersinia, Shigella, and Mycobacterium bovis BCG have been used as vaccine vectors, capable of mounting potent humoral and cellular immune responses.

Detailed explanation-3: -An inactivated vaccine (or killed vaccine) is a vaccine consisting of virus particles, bacteria, or other pathogens that have been grown in culture and then killed to destroy disease-producing capacity. In contrast, live vaccines use pathogens that are still alive (but are almost always attenuated, that is, weakened).

Detailed explanation-4: -Tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, meningococcal meningitis and streptococcal pneumonia are the commonest and the most important bacterial vaccine-preventable diseases.

Detailed explanation-5: -Summary. Vaccines can be highly effective tools in combating antimicrobial resistance as they reduce infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic consumption associated with disease.