GENERAL HISTOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Kupffer cells are resident liver macrophages and play a critical role in maintaining liver functions. Under physiological conditions, they are the first innate immune cells and protect the liver from bacterial infections.

Detailed explanation-2: -Although their main function is phagocytosis and defence of the liver against bacteria, endotoxaemia and viral infections, they also fulfil other important roles. They will phagocytose and partially degrade bacterial antigens before handing them on to the hepatocytes for excretion into the bile.

Detailed explanation-3: -Kupffer cells are amoeboid in character, with surface features including microvilli, pseudopodia and lamellipodia, which project in every direction. The microvilli and pseudopodia play a role in the endocytosis of particles. The nucleus is indented and ovoid, and can be lobulated.

Detailed explanation-4: -Depending on the size of the particle, Kupffer-cell uptake is mediated by one of two mechanisms, phagocytosis or pinocytosis. Kupffer cells are the primary hepatic cells responsible for phagocytosis of large particles.