GENERAL HISTOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The most superficial layer of the meninges is the dura mater . While it has two layers in the cranial segment, the spinal dura mater only has the deep meningeal layer.

Detailed explanation-2: -A protective membrane called the dura mater covers the spinal cord. The dura mater forms a watertight sack around the spinal cord and the spinal nerves. Inside this sack, the spinal cord is surrounded by spinal fluid.

Detailed explanation-3: -Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounds the spinal cord, which is also shielded by three protective layers called the meninges (dura, arachnoid and pia mater).

Detailed explanation-4: -The spinal cord is protected by bones, discs, ligaments, and muscles. The spine is made of 33 bones called vertebrae. The spinal cord passes through a hole in the center (called the spinal canal) of each vertebra. Between the vertebrae there are discs that act as cushions, or shock absorbers for the spine.

Detailed explanation-5: -Most superficial is the strong Erector Spinae or sacrospinalis muscle. Its origin is in the erector spinae aponeurosis, a broad sheet of tendinous fibers attached to the iliac crest, the median and lateral sacral crests and the spinous processes of the sacrum and lumbar spine. Middle layer is the multifidus.