GENERAL HISTOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Temperature: Raising temperature generally speeds up a reaction, and lowering temperature slows down a reaction. However, extreme high temperatures can cause an enzyme to lose its shape (denature) and stop working. pH: Each enzyme has an optimum pH range.

Detailed explanation-2: -Explanation. At very acidic and alkaline pH values the shape of the enzyme is altered so that it is no longer complementary to its specific substrate. This effect can be permanent and irreversible and is called denaturation.

Detailed explanation-3: -The proteins in enzymes are usually globular. The intra-and intermolecular bonds that hold proteins in their secondary and tertiary structures are disrupted by changes in temperature and pH. This affects shapes and so the catalytic activity of an enzyme is pH and temperature sensitive.

Detailed explanation-4: -Many enzymes of higher organisms are highly efficient around pH 6-8. Although there are many exceptions. Some enzymes such as pepsin show efficiency at pH 1.5-2, whereas, alkaline phosphatase is most efficient at pH 8.5-9.5.