MRCP UK EXAMINATIONS

Detailed explanation-1: -(T/F) M-mode is not useful in the evaluation of prosthetic disc motion because there is too much artifact. False. (T/F) CFD may be difficult with mechanical valves due to artifact; therefore, the monographer must utilize a single window to evaluate regurgitation.

Detailed explanation-2: -Their primary function is to prevent retrograde blood flow into the atria during ventricular systole. The aortic and pulmonic valves are collectively known as the semilunar valves, and their primary function is to prevent retrograde blood flow into the ventricles during diastole.

Detailed explanation-3: -In general, by echocardiography, the normal velocity should be less than 1.9 m/s and mean gradient less than 5 mmHg; values exceeding these suggest stenosis of a mitral prosthesis.

Detailed explanation-4: -Echocardiography is the key noninvasive modality for evaluation of prosthetic valve structure and function [1]. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is the mainstay for monitoring prosthetic valves and can generally identify normal function as well as evidence of valve dysfunction (stenosis).

Detailed explanation-5: -Pressure gradient is calculated with the use of the simplified Bernoulli equation: AP = 4 × VPr2, where VPr is the velocity of the peak transprosthetic flow jet in meters per second.