MRCP UK EXAMINATIONS

Detailed explanation-1: -As per the IDSA guidelines, Hospital-acquired Pneumonia is defined as “pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after admission to the hospital and did not appear to be incubating at the time of admission".

Detailed explanation-2: -Nosocomial pneumonia or hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is defined as pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after hospital admission and not incubating at the admission time. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) represents a significant sub-set of HAP occurring in intensive care units (ICUs).

Detailed explanation-3: -Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) develops at least 48 hours after hospital admission. The most common pathogens are gram-negative bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus; antibiotic-resistant organisms are an important concern. Symptoms and signs include malaise, fever, chills, rigor, cough, dyspnea, and chest pain.

Detailed explanation-4: -Ventilator-associated pneumonia is defined as pneumonia occurring more than 48 h after patients have been intubated and received mechanical ventilation. Diagnosing VAP requires a high clinical suspicion combined with bedside examination, radiographic examination, and microbiologic analysis of respiratory secretions.

Detailed explanation-5: -Nosocomial infections can be defined as those occurring within 48 hours of hospital admission, 3 days of discharge or 30 days of an operation. They affect 1 in 10 patients admitted to hospital.