MRCP UK EXAMINATIONS

Detailed explanation-1: -The histological type of lung cancer is generally dependent on the associated syndrome, the two most common of which are humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy in squamous cell carcinoma and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in small cell lung cancer.

Detailed explanation-2: -It occurs in patients with both solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. The most common cancers associated with hypercalcemia in the United States are breast, renal, lung, and squamous cell cancers and multiple myeloma [2].

Detailed explanation-3: -Paraneoplastic syndrome is a group of rare autoimmune diseases that can occur due to lung cancer, especially small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The group of diseases occur due to the immune system mistakenly attacking nerve cells. People living with SCLC may develop paraneoplastic syndrome.

Detailed explanation-4: -Breast cancer, multiple myeloma, and lymphomas commonly cause hypercalcemia via this mechanism. Rarely, hypercalcemia may result from tumor secretion of vitamin D, which has been described in association with certain lymphomas, or from ectopic tumor secretion of PTH.

Detailed explanation-5: -Hyponatremia occurred most commonly in patients with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) (n=42; 41.2%; P=0.001). Hypercalcemia occurred most commonly in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) squamous subtype (n=27; 12.2%; P=0.003).