MRCP UK EXAMINATIONS

Detailed explanation-1: -Comments: Small cell lung carcinomas (SCLC) show variable positivity for neural markers such as neurofilament, Leu7, chromogranin, synaptophysin, NCAM/CD56 (cell membrane staining; very sensitive but less specific; shown here), and neuron-specific enolase.

Detailed explanation-2: -Synaptophysin, chromogranin and CD56 are recommended markers to identify pulmonary tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation [1]. These markers are frequently used to confirm a diagnosis of typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, small cell lung cancer and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC).

Detailed explanation-3: -Tumor markers for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) are measurable using blood tests, such as neuron-specific enolase (NSE). They can support the identification and management of cancer. Doctors use a range of tests to measure different aspects of cancer and inform their clinical decisions.

Detailed explanation-4: -Non-small cell carcinomas with CD56 staining indicate a neuroendocrine phenotype. The use of TTF-1 in SCLC has been studied extensively. TTF-1 has been used to distinguish SCLC from non-pulmonary small cell carcinomas, especially in combination with cytokeratins.