AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The cognitive explanation of phobia, as researched by Dinardo and colleagues (1988) suggests that phobia comes from beliefs regarding the harm that can be caused by coming in contact with a stimulus.

Detailed explanation-2: -There are a wide variety of objects or situations that someone could develop a phobia about. But phobias can be divided into 2 main categories: specific or simple phobias. complex phobias.

Detailed explanation-3: -This theory was a learning theory based on both operant and classical conditioning. It posits that phobias are formed due to classical conditioning, when two stimuli are paired. The phobia is maintained because avoidance of the phobic situation is rewarding, thus increasing the likelihood of being repeated.

Detailed explanation-4: -Mowrer (1947) proposed that avoidance learning involved two processes–(1) classical conditioning and (2) instrumental conditioning. (Part 1) Dangerous, painful, aversive stimuli (US) cause an innate fear response (UR) . Other stimuli present at the time get associated with fear through classical conditioning.