AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Sometimes, instead of stickers on a sticker chart, a token is used. Tokens, which are also secondary reinforcers, can then be traded in for rewards and prizes. Entire behavior management systems, known as token economies, are built around the use of these kinds of token reinforcers.

Detailed explanation-2: -Tokens are normally conceptualized as conditioned reinforcers, established as such through their relationship to other reinforcers.

Detailed explanation-3: -Secondary: Token economies are a type secondary, or conditioned, reinforcement. The tokens are not naturally reinforcing; instead they are used as a means to gain desired items. Conditioned: Sometimes tokens are conditioned reinforcers, meaning they are used for one specific reward.

Detailed explanation-4: -While a primary reinforcer is innate, a secondary reinforcer is a stimulus that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, treats, or money. Responding to the secondary reinforcer is a learned behavior, not a born reflex.