AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -When the body is stressed, the SNS contributes to what is known as the “fight or flight” response. The body shifts its energy resources toward fighting off a life threat, or fleeing from an enemy. The SNS signals the adrenal glands to release hormones called adrenalin (epinephrine) and cortisol.

Detailed explanation-2: -The parasympathetic nervous system inhibits the gluconeogenic pathway in the liver30, which may contribute to lower blood glucose levels. In contrast, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates gluconeogenic and glycogenolytic pathways in the liver to elevate the blood glucose level31.

Detailed explanation-3: -In the heart (beta-1, beta-2), sympathetic activation causes an increased heart rate, the force of contraction, and rate of conduction, allowing for increased cardiac output to supply the body with oxygenated blood.

Detailed explanation-4: -Stimulation of the autonomic nervous system’s sympathetic branch, known for triggering “fight or flight” responses when the body is under stress, induces pupil dilation. Whereas stimulation of the parasympathetic system, known for “rest and digest” functions, causes constriction.