AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -This means that the interior of the cell is negatively charged relative to the outside. Hyperpolarization is when the membrane potential becomes more negative at a particular spot on the neuron’s membrane, while depolarization is when the membrane potential becomes less negative (more positive).

Detailed explanation-2: -Because more cations are leaving the cell than are entering, this causes the interior of the cell to be negatively charged relative to the outside of the cell. The actions of the sodium potassium pump help to maintain the resting potential, once established.

Detailed explanation-3: -When the inside of the plasma membrane has a negative charge compared to the outside, the neuron is said to be polarized. Any change in membrane potential tending to make the inside even more negative is called hyperpolarization, while any change tending to make it less negative is called depolarization.

Detailed explanation-4: -Intracellular and extracellular fluid of neurons contain various kinds of charged ions. These include sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-). Additionally, these fluids contain many negatively charged protein molecules called anions (A-).

Detailed explanation-5: -The inside of the neuron is more negatively charged than the outside. Figure 4.1. For a typical neuron at rest, sodium, chloride, and calcium are concentrated outside the cell, whereas potassium and other anions are concentrated inside. This ion distribution leads to a negative resting membrane potential.