AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Thus, when the sound of flushing (CS or neutral stimulus before association) is followed by the change in the water temperature (UCS), an individual jumps back (UCR). However, with frequent exposure to the association between CS and UCS, an individual jumps back in response to the sound of the flushing (CS).

Detailed explanation-2: -what is the unconditioned stimulus? Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes.

Detailed explanation-3: -A child is scolded (unpleasant event) for ignoring homework (undesirable behavior.) A parent gives a child a time-out (unpleasant consequence) for throwing tantrums (unwanted behavior.) The police gives a driver a ticket (unpleasant stimulus) for speeding (unwanted behavior.)

Detailed explanation-4: -The main difference between classical and operant conditioning is that classical conditioning associates involuntary behavior with a stimulus while operant conditioning associates voluntary action with a consequence. Classical and operant conditioning are two central concepts in behavioral psychology.