AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Whether a neurotransmitter is excitatory or inhibitory depends on the receptor it binds to. Neuromodulators are a bit different, as they are not restricted to the synaptic cleft between two neurons, and so can affect large numbers of neurons at once.

Detailed explanation-2: -Hormones: Hormones are transmitted through blood. Neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters are transmitted across the synaptic cleft. Hormones: Hormones act on a distant site from where it is produced. Neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters are in direct apposition to their target cells.

Detailed explanation-3: -Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft where they are able to interact with neurotransmitter receptors on the target cell. The neurotransmitter’s effect on the target cell is determined by the receptor it binds.

Detailed explanation-4: -Two factors are essential for the release of the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal: (1) depolarization of the terminal and (2) the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+) in the extracellular fluid. The membrane of the presynaptic terminal contains voltage-dependent calcium channels that open…