AP PSYCHOLOGY

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COGNITION

THINKING AND LANGUAGE

Question [CLICK ON ANY CHOICE TO KNOW THE RIGHT ANSWER]
Marilyn was asked to solve a series of five math problems. The first four problems could only be solved by a particular sequence of operations. The fifth problem could also be solved following this sequence; however, a much simpler solution was possible. Marilyn did not realize this simpler solution and solved the problem in the way she had solved the first four. Her problem-solving strategy was hampered by
A
Functional fixedness
B
The overconfidence phenomenon
C
A mental set
D
Her lack of a prototype for the solution
Explanation: 

Detailed explanation-1: -Heuristic: a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. Insight: a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

Detailed explanation-2: -Heuristics can be mental shortcuts that ease the cognitive load of making a decision. Examples that employ heuristics include using trial and error, a rule of thumb or an educated guess.

Detailed explanation-3: -A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound. A phoneme is the smallest unit of spoken sound and is often the one thing that distinguishes one word from another.

Detailed explanation-4: -The tendency to make judgments of the frequency or likelihood that an event occurs on the basis of the ease with which it can be retrieved from memory is known as the availability heuristic (MacLeod & Campbell, 1992; Tversky & Kahneman, 1973).

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