AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the second stage of Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development. This stage occurs between the age of 18 months and around age 2 or 3 years. According to Erikson, children at this stage are focused on developing a greater sense of self-control.

Detailed explanation-2: -Erikson believed that toddlers should be allowed to explore their environment as freely as safety allows and, in doing so, will develop a sense of independence that will later grow to self-esteem, initiative, and overall confidence.

Detailed explanation-3: -Erikson’s second stage of development is the beginning of the individual discovering who they are apart from their caregiver. Children who succeed in this phase establish the ability to determine what they do and how they do it. The gift of this stage, according to Erikson, is the will or the ability to assert oneself.

Detailed explanation-4: -The psychosocial development of the toddler involves acquiring a clearer sense of himself or herself that is separate from that of the primary caregiver, becoming involved in wider social relationships, gaining self-control and mastery over motor and verbal skills, and developing independence and a self-concept.

Detailed explanation-5: -Stage two focuses on early childhood – 18 months to three years – when we are gaining independence and an increased perception of control over our physical skills (Erikson, 1958, 1963). Though early on in development, we begin to develop a heightened sense of personal control and acquire feelings of independence.