AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Level One-Preconventional Morality: In stage one, moral reasoning is based on concepts of punishment. The child believes that if the consequence for an action is punishment, then the action was wrong. In the second stage, the child bases his or her thinking on self-interest and reward.

Detailed explanation-2: -In fact, failure to discipline children often results in kids who are unhappy, angry, and even resentful. To those around them, a child who is not disciplined will be unpleasant company, and a child without discipline may find it difficult to make friends.

Detailed explanation-3: -Research shows that spanking, slapping and other forms of physical punishment don’t work well to correct a child’s behavior. The same holds true for yelling at or shaming a child. Beyond being ineffective, harsh physical and verbal punishments can also damage a child’s long-term physical and mental health.

Detailed explanation-4: -Generally speaking, you can’t effectively discipline a child until they’re at least 2 years old-about the same time your toddler-age kid is ready for potty training. “If they’re ready for potty training, they’re ready for consequences, ” Pearlman says.