AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The ability to thinking about abstract ideas and situations is the key hallmark of the formal operational stage of cognitive development. The ability to systematically plan for the future and reason about hypothetical situations are also critical abilities that emerge during this stage.

Detailed explanation-2: -Formal operational (11-16 years to adulthood): In this stage, the ability to think about abstract concepts has developed. People in the formal operational stage use deductive reasoning and can engage in logical, methodical problem-solving.

Detailed explanation-3: -fourth stage, the period of formal operations, begins at age 12 and extends into adulthood. It is characterized by an orderliness of thinking and a mastery of logical thought, allowing a more flexible kind of mental experimentation.

Detailed explanation-4: -To summarize, deductive reasoning is the ability to draw specific conclusions from general information. It is a key ability that children start acquiring in the concrete operational stage and that adolescents and adults further develop in the formal operational stage.

Detailed explanation-5: -The formal operational stage begins at approximately age twelve and lasts into adulthood. As adolescents enter this stage, they gain the ability to think in an abstract manner by manipulating ideas in their head, without any dependence on concrete manipulation (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958).