AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Variable Ratio Reinforcement (VR)-the dog is rewarded after an unpredictable number of responses, for example, for a VR10, the dog is rewarded after varying numbers of sits that average out to be ten sits per reward.

Detailed explanation-2: -For example, in a variable-ratio schedule with a VR 5 schedule, an animal might receive a reward for every five responses, on average. One time, the reward would come after three responses, then seven responses, then five responses, and so on.

Detailed explanation-3: -In a Variable Ratio reinforcement schedule, the behaviour is reinforced when a variable number of correct responses has occurred. This variable number can be around a given average. For example, the dog gets a treat after sitting twice, after sitting four times and after sitting six times.

Detailed explanation-4: -Variable Ratio Example Gambling or lottery game rewards unpredictably. Each winning requires a different number of lever pulls. Gamblers keep pulling the lever many times in hopes of winning.