AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In Operant Conditioning Theory, there are essentially four quadrants: Positive Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, Negative Reinforcement, and Negative Punishment.

Detailed explanation-2: -In operant conditioning, “reinforcement” refers to anything that increases the likelihood that a response will occur. Psychologist B.F. Skinner coined the term in 1937, 2. For example, reinforcement might involve presenting praise (a reinforcer) immediately after a child puts away their toys (the response).

Detailed explanation-3: -A child is scolded (unpleasant event) for ignoring homework (undesirable behavior.) A parent gives a child a time-out (unpleasant consequence) for throwing tantrums (unwanted behavior.) The police gives a driver a ticket (unpleasant stimulus) for speeding (unwanted behavior.)

Detailed explanation-4: -In operant conditioning, punishment is any change in a human or animal’s surroundings which, occurring after a given behavior or response, reduces the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future. As with reinforcement, it is the behavior, not the human/animal, that is punished.