AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In positive punishment, you add an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior. An example of positive punishment is scolding a student to get the student to stop texting in class. In this case, a stimulus (the reprimand) is added in order to decrease the behavior (texting in class).

Detailed explanation-2: -Negative Reinforcement This process relates to escape and avoidance behaviors. Example, many people wear sunglasses in the summer to reduce glare as a result of negative reinforcement. However, some of us wait to put on our sunglasses until we are outside in the sun.

Detailed explanation-3: -Have your kids ever cleaned their room, just to avoid your nagging? This is a perfect example of negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement occurs when something unpleasant or uncomfortable is removed or taken away in order to increase the likelihood of the desired behavior.

Detailed explanation-4: -Among the reinforcement schedules, variable ratio is the most productive and the most resistant to extinction. Fixed interval is the least productive and the easiest to extinguish (Figure 18.5.