AP PSYCHOLOGY

LEARNING

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Question [CLICK ON ANY CHOICE TO KNOW THE RIGHT ANSWER]
In operant conditioning, negative reinforcement involves
A
removing an aversive stimulus and so increasing the likelihood of a response occurring.
B
removing an aversive stimulus and so decreasing the likelihood of a response occurring.
C
providing a stimulus and so increasing the likelihood of a response occurring.
D
providing a stimulus and so decreasing the likelihood of a response occurring.
Explanation: 

Detailed explanation-1: -Rather than delivering an aversive stimulus (punishment) or a reward (positive reinforcement), negative reinforcement works by taking away something that the individual finds undesirable. This removal reinforces the behavior that proceeds it, making it more likely that the response will occur again in the future.

Detailed explanation-2: -Negative reinforcement occurs when something unpleasant or uncomfortable is removed or taken away in order to increase the likelihood of the desired behavior. Kids want to avoid the nagging, so they do what needs to be done. Thus, taking away something unpleasant, in this case, nagging, results in the desired behavior.

Detailed explanation-3: -Negative reinforcement occurs when a certain stimulus (usually an aversive stimulus) is removed after a particular behavior is exhibited. The likelihood of the particular behavior occurring again in the future is increased because of removing/avoiding the negative consequence.

Detailed explanation-4: -Negative reinforcement occurs when the rate of a behavior is observed toincrease following the removal of a stimuli. In other words, the terminationor removal of an aversive stimulus is likely to increase the target behavior. Negative reinforcement is also associated with escape or avoidancebehaviors.

Detailed explanation-5: -Definition. In negative reinforcement, first devised by B. F. Skinner, an undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior. If an organism is exposed to an aversive situation, and the termination of that situation is made contingent upon some response, then we say that the organism is being negatively reinforced.

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