AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A variable-ratio schedule provides reinforcers after a specific but average number of responses. Winning money from slot machines or on a lottery ticket is an example of reinforcement that occurs on a variable-ratio schedule.

Detailed explanation-2: -Positive reinforcement refers to the introduction of a desirable or pleasant stimulus after a behavior. The desirable stimulus reinforces the behavior, making it more likely that the behavior will reoccur.

Detailed explanation-3: -The main difference between primary and secondary reinforcers is that primary reinforcer is biological stimulus causing involuntary reflex while secondary reinforcer is conditioned stimulus causing learned behavior.

Detailed explanation-4: -Answer and Explanation: The correct answer is C. When a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior. The dog has learned that she will get a treat, positive reinforcement, for playing dead in this example.