AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Sometimes, instead of stickers on a sticker chart, a token is used. Tokens, which are also secondary reinforcers, can then be traded in for rewards and prizes. Entire behavior management systems, known as token economies, are built around the use of these kinds of token reinforcers.

Detailed explanation-2: -In contrast, the candy is a primary reinforcer because it did not have to learned.

Detailed explanation-3: -Some examples of secondary reinforcers include: verbal praise, highly preferred activities, stickers, toys, and edibles. An example of pairing is saying to a toddler, “You did it!” and then the toddler gets a chance to play with a toy.

Detailed explanation-4: -Primary reinforcers are things that are inherently reinforcing – like food and drink. We don’t need to be taught to want these items. Most of our human reinforcers are secondary, or conditioned reinforcers. Examples of these are toys, money, good grades, and tokens.