AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A confounding variable is a type of extraneous variable that is associated with both the independent and dependent variables. An extraneous variable is anything that could influence the dependent variable.

Detailed explanation-2: -Internal validity refers specifically to whether an experimental treatment/condition makes a difference or not, and whether there is sufficient evidence to support the claim. External validity refers to the generalizibility of the treatment/condition outcomes.

Detailed explanation-3: -Internal validity examines whether the study design, conduct, and analysis answer the research questions without bias. External validity examines whether the study findings can be generalized to other contexts.

Detailed explanation-4: -There are eight threats to internal validity: history, maturation, instrumentation, testing, selection bias, regression to the mean, social interaction and attrition.