AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Milgram recruited his naïve participants through a newspaper ad. This is a volunteer sample. They believed they were taking part in a memory experiment and would be paid $4 for their time. Milgram watched everything through a one-way mirror.

Detailed explanation-2: -Milgram used a bias sample of 40 male volunteers, which means we are unable to generalise the results to other populations, in particular females, and cannot conclude if female participants would respond in a similar way.

Detailed explanation-3: -Milgram selected participants for his experiment by newspaper advertising for male participants to take part in a study of learning at Yale University. The procedure was that the participant was paired with another person and they drew lots to find out who would be the ‘learner’ and who would be the ‘teacher.

Detailed explanation-4: -In truth, the volunteers were the subjects of an experiment on obedience to authority. In all, about 780 people, only about 40 of them women, participated in the experiments, and Milgram published his results in 1963.

Detailed explanation-5: -They were obtained through a newspaper advertisement and direct mailing. They believed that they were taking part in a study of memory and learning. Participants were paid $4.50 for their participation in the experiment.