AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -An empirical study is said to be high in internal validity if the way it was conducted supports the conclusion that the independent variable caused any observed differences in the dependent variable.

Detailed explanation-2: -The independent and dependent variables are the two key variables in a science experiment. The independent variable is the one the experimenter controls. The dependent variable is the variable that changes in response to the independent variable. The two variables may be related by cause and effect.

Detailed explanation-3: -How can it be determined if an experiment is valid? The observed change in the dependent variable is in fact due to the independent variable. The results of the experiment apply to the real world outside the experimental setting. The results do not account for the effects of extraneous variables.

Detailed explanation-4: -Internal validity is the extent to which a researcher can say that only their independent variable caused changes in the dependent variable. Other variables that might influence the dependent variable (like students’ study time or professor illness) are called extraneous variables.

Detailed explanation-5: -An experiment is a type of empirical study that features the manipulation of an independent variable, the measurement of a dependent variable, and control of extraneous variables.