RESEARCH METHODS THINKING CRITICALLY WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH AND ETHICS
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Question
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Participant bias
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Expectancy effect
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Researcher bias
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Participant variability
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Detailed explanation-1: -Abstract. Researcher bias occurs when researchers influence the results of an empirical study based on their expectations, either consciously or unconsciously. Researcher bias might be due to the use of Questionable Research Practices (QRPs).
Detailed explanation-2: -The observer-expectancy effect (also called the experimenter-expectancy effect, expectancy bias, observer effect, or experimenter effect) is a form of reactivity in which a researcher’s cognitive bias causes them to subconsciously influence the participants of an experiment.
Detailed explanation-3: -Bias in research can cause distorted results and wrong conclusions. Such studies can lead to unnecessary costs, wrong clinical practice and they can eventually cause some kind of harm to the patient.
Detailed explanation-4: -Expectation bias (EB) occurs when an individual’s expectations about an outcome influence perceptions of one’s own or others’ behavior. In clinical trials, both raters and subjects may enter trials with expectations. Rater EB occurs when raters expect that subjects will improve over the course of the trial.