AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Tolman coined the term cognitive map, which is an internal representation (or image) of external environmental feature or landmark. He thought that individuals acquire large numbers of cues (i.e. signals) from the environment and could use these to build a mental image of an environment (i.e. a cognitive map).

Detailed explanation-2: -Memory Systems The influential cognitive map theory (Tolman, 1948; O’Keefe and Nadel, 1978) proposes that memories of recently traveled routes are combined with memories of previously traveled routes to create an integrated map of the environment.

Detailed explanation-3: -The idea of cognitive map originates from the work of the psychologist Edward Tolman, who is famous for his studies of how rats learned to navigate mazes. In psychology, it has a strong spatial connotation-cognitive maps usually refer to the representation of a space (e.g., a maze) in the brain.

Detailed explanation-4: -Latent learning is to learning that is not reinforced and not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so. Tolman argued that the rats had formed a “cognitive map” of the maze but did not demonstrate this knowledge until they received reinforcement.

Detailed explanation-5: -A cognitive map is a mental picture or image of the layout of one’s physical environment. The term was first coined by a psychologist named Edward Tolman in the 1940s. Cognitive maps can help us navigate unfamiliar territory, give directions and learn or recall information.