AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Researcher bias occurs when the researcher’s beliefs or expectations influence the research design or data collection process.

Detailed explanation-2: -Observer bias occurs when a researcher’s expectations, opinions, or prejudices influence what they perceive or record in a study. It usually affects studies when observers are aware of the research aims or hypotheses.

Detailed explanation-3: -The observer-expectancy effect occurs when researchers influence the results of their own study through interactions with participants. Researchers may unintentionally signal their own beliefs and expectations about the study and influence participants through demand characteristics.

Detailed explanation-4: -Answer: Experimenter effect (not ‘effects’) is the tendency on the part of the experimenter/researcher to influence the participants or to interpret the data/findings to arrive at the result they are seeking to obtain. This is typically done subconsciously, though it may be done consciously as well.

Detailed explanation-5: -experimenter bias any systematic errors in the research process or the interpretation of its results that are attributable to a researcher’s behavior, preconceived beliefs, expectancies, or desires about results. For example, a researcher may inadvertently cue participants to behave or respond in a particular way.