AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The independent variable is the one the experimenter controls. The dependent variable is the variable that changes in response to the independent variable. The two variables may be related by cause and effect. If the independent variable changes, then the dependent variable is affected.

Detailed explanation-2: -You have to decide whether the control variable is affected by the independent variable (which would make the control variable an intervening variable) or whether it affects the independent variable (which would make it a confounding variable).

Detailed explanation-3: -A confounding variable is closely related to both the independent and dependent variables in a study. An independent variable represents the supposed cause, while the dependent variable is the supposed effect. A confounding variable is a third variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables.

Detailed explanation-4: -Nevertheless, there are confounding variables that the controlled experiments cannot hold constant. Specifically, there are sources of randomness, that if they were held constant would result in an invalid evaluation of the model. Three examples include: Randomness in the data sample.