AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -One way researchers try to avoid confounding variables is to use a randomized experiment design. With randomization, all the background characteristics should be similar in the groups being studied, which minimizes the influence of confounding factors.

Detailed explanation-2: -Any variable that researchers are not deliberately studying in an experiment is an extraneous (outside) variable that could threaten the validity of the results.

Detailed explanation-3: -Confounding bias is bias that is the result of having confounding variables in your study design. If the observed association overestimates the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable, this is known as positive confounding bias.

Detailed explanation-4: -Therefore, in experiments, a researcher manipulates an independent variable to determine if it causes a change in the dependent variable.