AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -This is the most ethical form of observation, as it requires no deception and participants are able to give their informed consent. However, this form of observation is the method most at risk of the Hawthorne Effect. When people know that they are being observed they behave differently (consciously or unconsciously).

Detailed explanation-2: -1. If you’re able to join a group openly, the problem of access can be fairly easily overcome. Overt participant observation may give access to groups who could not be studied covertly because the researcher does not have the same characteristics as the group.

Detailed explanation-3: -Covert form of observation is preferred in the field of observational research because it preserves the natural behavior of the one being observed which ensures allows minimal bias in the observed behaviors. On the contrary, overt observations have been preferred to avoid ethical dilemmas in research (Savage J, 2000).