AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In an observational study, a researcher measures and observes the variables of interest without changing existing conditions. In an experiment, a researcher assigns a treatment and observes the response. Sometimes, a control group may be used to compare the effectiveness of a treatment.

Detailed explanation-2: -Observational studies are ones where researchers observe the effect of a risk factor, diagnostic test, treatment or other intervention without trying to change who is or isn’t exposed to it. Cohort studies and case control studies are two types of observational studies.

Detailed explanation-3: -Three types of observational studies include cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies (Figure 1).

Detailed explanation-4: -Researchers engaged in naturalistic observation usually make their observations as unobtrusively as possible so that participants are not aware that they are being studied. Such an approach is called disguised naturalistic observation .

Detailed explanation-5: -The 4 main types of observation in sociology are participant observation, non-participant observation, covert observation, and overt observation.