RESEARCH METHODS THINKING CRITICALLY WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND DESCRIPTION
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Question
[CLICK ON ANY CHOICE TO KNOW THE RIGHT ANSWER]
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A real response, positive or negative, to an action or substance based solely on expectations, not on the actual properties of the action or substance.
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The group to which the researchers manipulate the independent variable.
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A measure of the relationship between two variables.
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The observation of human or animal behavior in its natural setting.
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Detailed explanation-1: -Placebos have the power to cause unwanted side effects. Nausea, drowsiness and allergic reactions, such as skin rashes, have been reported as negative placebo effects – also known as nocebo effects (see below). Deceiving people is wrong, even if it helps someone’s symptoms to go away.
Detailed explanation-2: -The placebo effect is when an improvement of symptoms is observed, despite using a nonactive treatment. It’s believed to occur due to psychological factors like expectations or classical conditioning. Research has found that the placebo effect can ease things like pain, fatigue, or depression.
Detailed explanation-3: -A nocebo effect occurs when the recipient of an inert substance reports a negative effect or a worsening of symptoms, with the outcome resulting not from the substance itself, but from negative expectations about the treatment.
Detailed explanation-4: -Pre-existing optimistic expectations can amplify the positive effects of treatments (placebo effects), but negative expectations can also induce adverse treatment effects, such as side effects or the absence of treatment-typical improvements (nocebo effects).