AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis. It is not a conscious act. If researchers purposely distort their data, it is called fraud. Using a double-blind procedure can eliminate experimenter bias.

Detailed explanation-2: -Observer bias and other “experimenter effects” occur when researchers’ expectations influence study outcome. These biases are strongest when researchers expect a particular result, are measuring subjective variables, and have an incentive to produce data that confirm predictions.

Detailed explanation-3: -What is random assignment? In experimental research, random assignment is a way of placing participants from your sample into different groups using randomization. With this method, every member of the sample has a known or equal chance of being placed in a control group or an experimental group.

Detailed explanation-4: -Subject bias, also known as participant bias, is a tendency of participants (subjects) in an experiment to consciously or subconsciously act in a way that they think the experimenter or researcher wants them to act. It often occurs when subjects realize or know the purpose of the study.

Detailed explanation-5: -Hindsight bias is a psychological phenomenon in which one becomes convinced they accurately predicted an event before it occurred. It causes overconfidence in one’s ability to predict other future events and may lead to unnecessary risks.