AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Experimenter Bias is a type of cognitive bias that occurs when experimenters allow their expectations to affect their interpretation of observations.

Detailed explanation-2: -Expectation bias is a phenomenon in which people’s expectations about the outcome of an event or experiment can influence the results of that event or experiment. This can happen when people’s expectations about the outcome affect how they perceive or interpret the information that is presented to them.

Detailed explanation-3: -In research, bias occurs when “systematic error [is] introduced into sampling or testing by selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over others” 7. Bias can occur at any phase of research, including study design or data collection, as well as in the process of data analysis and publication (Figure 1).