AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Randomized experiments (also known as RCT or randomized control trials) are considered to be the most rigorous approach, or the “gold standard, ” to identifying causal effects because they theoretically eliminate all preexisting differences between the treatment and control groups.

Detailed explanation-2: -Causation can only be determined from an appropriately designed experiment. In such experiments, similar groups receive different treatments, and the outcomes of each group are studied. We can only conclude that a treatment causes an effect if the groups have noticeably different outcomes.

Detailed explanation-3: -The best-known and most commonly used method of data analysis is regression analysis, e.g., linear, logistic, or Cox regression (15).

Detailed explanation-4: -The Granger causality test is a statistical hypothesis test for determining whether one time series is useful in forecasting another, first proposed in 1969.