AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Family history-Most cases of narcolepsy are sporadic, meaning the disorder occurs in individuals with no known family history. However, clusters in families sometimes occur-up to 10 percent of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy with cataplexy report having a close relative with similar symptoms.

Detailed explanation-2: -Currently, a few sleep disorders have an established genetic basis. These are fatal familial insomnia, familial advanced sleep-phase syndrome, chronic primary insomnia, and narcolepsy with cataplexy. Insomnia is quite common, and yes, it can be hereditary.

Detailed explanation-3: -Since the discovery of sleep onset REM periods (SOREMPs) in narcoleptic patients, narcolepsy has often been regarded as a disorder of REM sleep generation: REM sleep intrudes in active wake or at sleep onset, resulting in cataplexy, sleep paralysis, or hypnagogic hallucinations.

Detailed explanation-4: -Type 1 is the most common. It includes a symptom called cataplexy, or sudden loss of muscle tone. People with this type of narcolepsy have episodes of extreme sleepiness and cataplexy during the daytime due to low levels in the brain of a protein called hypocretin.

Detailed explanation-5: -Medical disorders: Hypothyroidism, obesity, end-stage renal disease, adrenal insufficiency, hepatic encephalopathy, diabetes. Genetic disorders: daytime sleepiness may be a symptom of different chromosomal abnormalities and microdeletion syndromes like Smith-Magenis, Prader-Willi, fragile X, or Moebius syndrome.