GENERAL HISTOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -When the kidneys don’t work well, more stress is put on the heart. When someone has CKD, their heart needs to pump harder to get blood to the kidneys. This can lead to heart disease, the leading cause of death in the United States. Change in blood pressure is also a CKD complication that can lead to heart disease.

Detailed explanation-2: -Chronic kidney disease can affect almost every part of your body. Potential complications include: Fluid retention, which could lead to swelling in your arms and legs, high blood pressure, or fluid in your lungs (pulmonary edema)

Detailed explanation-3: -Acute kidney failure may lead to a buildup of fluid in your lungs, which can cause shortness of breath. Chest pain. If the lining that covers your heart (pericardium) becomes inflamed, you may experience chest pain.

Detailed explanation-4: -Similarly, kidney disease leads to increased sodium retention and increased blood pressure and afterload, which can contribute to cardiac damage. Several other hormonal and inflammatory pathways may be activated, leading to both kidney and cardiac stress and damage.

Detailed explanation-5: -Heart rate has been shown to be a biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system, and evidence has established that it has an association with kidney function levels among the general population.