LEARNING
LEARNING PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS
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Question
[CLICK ON ANY CHOICE TO KNOW THE RIGHT ANSWER]
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negative reinforcement
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escape conditioning
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avoidance conditioning
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social learning
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Detailed explanation-1: -Negative reinforcement strengthens a response or behavior by stopping, removing, or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus.
Detailed explanation-2: -A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (Note: negative reinforcement is NOT punishment).
Detailed explanation-3: -There are two types of negative reinforcement: escape and avoidance learning. Escape learning occurs when an animal performs a behavior to end an aversive stimulus, while avoidance learning involves performing a behavior to prevent the aversive stimulus.
Detailed explanation-4: -Negative reinforcement increases the target behavior by taking away something aversive. Negative punishment decreases the target behavior by taking away something preferred. In the following example, a student’s “target behavior” is not paying attention to her teacher, or off-task behavior.