AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Primary reinforcers are those that are innately reinforcing, such as edibles (small pieces of food or drink) or sensory experiences (light up toys, fans, massagers). Secondary reinforcers include tangible items, activities, special privileges, social praise, and attention.

Detailed explanation-2: -For example, a student calls out during class to get attention. When the teacher responds, i.e. pays attention to the disruptive student, this response acts as positive reinforcement – therefore, the probability that the student will call out again increases (Smith, 2017).

Detailed explanation-3: -An example of positive reinforcement is: A child receives money for doing chores. Negative reinforcement is where instead of being rewarded with an item for making positive choices, and item or stimulus is removed after a specific behavior is shown.

Detailed explanation-4: -There are four types of positive reinforcers: natural, tangible, social, and token. Positive reinforcement can be delivered in experiments as part of a partial fixed schedule.