AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Over time, Pavlov (1927) observed that the dogs began to salivate not only at the taste of food, but also at the sight of food, at the sight of an empty food bowl, and even at the sound of the laboratory assistants’ footsteps. Salivating to food in the mouth is reflexive, so no learning is involved.

Detailed explanation-2: -Pavlov’s Theory of Classical Conditioning Based on his observations, Pavlov suggested that the salivation was a learned response.

Detailed explanation-3: -Pavlov had the idea that dogs do not need to learn certain things, such as salivating when they see food. He said these reflexes are hard-wired into dogs. He coined the dog’s food as an unconditioned stimulus and the salivation as an unconditioned response-this response did not require any learning on the dog’s part.

Detailed explanation-4: -Pavlov concluded that if a particular stimulus in the dog’s surroundings was present when the dog was given food then that stimulus could become associated with food and cause salivation on its own.

Detailed explanation-5: -Correct answer: When Ivan Pavlov trained a dog to salivate and expect food whenever it heard a bell, he demonstrated the existence of classical conditioning. This process uses an initially neutral stimulus (a bell ringing) paired with an innate or biological stimulus (food) to elicit an innate response (salivation).