AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response and a stimulus, while operant conditioning is about associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence. In operant conditioning, the learner is also rewarded with incentives, 5 while classical conditioning involves no such enticements.

Detailed explanation-2: -Classical conditioning is an elementary form of associative learning, which inspires us to explore simplified routes even for inanimate materials to respond to new, initially neutral stimuli.

Detailed explanation-3: -Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of associative learning where associations are made between events that occur together. Observational learning is just as it sounds: learning by observing others.

Detailed explanation-4: -The relation of reinforcement learning to classical conditioning is perhaps less obvious. However, learning to act so as to maximize rewards and minimize punish-ments requires the ability to predict future rewards and punishments. Reinforcement-learning systems therefore typically incorporate this ability.

Detailed explanation-5: -In contrast to classical conditioning, operant conditioning involves encouraging or discouraging a specific behavior using reinforcement. While classical conditioning is training dogs to salivate to the sound of a metronome, operant conditioning is training them to sit by giving them a treat when they do.