AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -According to the French physician Paul Broca, ancient physicians were quite familiar with trepanation in which a hole was made in the skull by cutting or drilling it. They did so to alleviate pressure on the brain following an injury to the head, or to release evil spirits from the heads of mentally ill people (4).

Detailed explanation-2: -What is trephination? Trephination, also known as trepanning, trepanation or burr holing, is one of the oldest surgical procedures known to humanity and refers to a surgical procedure in which a circular piece of bone is drilled and excised, most commonly from the human skull.

Detailed explanation-3: -Burr holes are small holes that a neurosurgeon makes in the skull. Burr holes are used to help relieve pressure on the brain when fluid, such as blood, builds up and starts to compress brain tissue. A layer of thin tissues called meninges surround and help protect the brain.

Detailed explanation-4: -Trepanning, also called trepanation and trephination, is the practice of drilling holes in and removing pieces of the skull of a living patient.

Detailed explanation-5: -By the 19th century trephining for epilepsy was confined to the treatment of traumatic epilepsy, that is, cases associated with known head injury. Another use of trephining was as a treatment for mental disease.