AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The photoreceptor layer then transmits these impulses to the bipolar neurons in the second layer and on to the ganglion neurons in the third layer. It is only the axons of these ganglion neurons that exit the eye and carry the nerve impulses to the first visual relay in the brain.

Detailed explanation-2: -Action potentials generated in the photoreceptors are transmitted to ganglion cells within the retina. These ganglion cells are large neurons that form the last retinal link in the visual path. The axons of these cells form a layer of nerve fibers that converge on a structure called the optic papilla or optic disk.

Detailed explanation-3: -Within the retina, information travels from the photoreceptors to the bipolar cells and then on to the ganglion cells. At each stage along this most direct visual pathway, the responses are modified by the activation of lateral connections involving horizontal and amacrine cells.

Detailed explanation-4: -As a part of the retina, bipolar cells exist between photoreceptors (rod cells and cone cells) and ganglion cells. They act, directly or indirectly, to transmit signals from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells.

Detailed explanation-5: -In the dark, the photoreceptors maximally release glutamate and these bipolar cells are maximally hyperpolarized. In the light, the photoreceptors are hyperpolarized and they release less glutamate. These bipolar cells are called on-center bipolar cells because they are active when the light is on.