AP PSYCHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -According to Gregory (1970) different factors can influence top-down processing such as expectations, emotion, motivation and culture. This is known as perceptual set theory.

Detailed explanation-2: -The opposite of reductionism is holism theory, which is the theory for “top-down” processing. In top-down processing, the brain uses hypotheses or theories to fill in the blanks.

Detailed explanation-3: -The absolute threshold is defined as the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected (recently, signal detection theory has offered a more nuanced definition of absolute threshold: the lowest intensity at which a stimulus will be specified a certain percentage of the time, often 50%).

Detailed explanation-4: -Signal detection theory predicts how one detects the presence of weak stimuli amidst background noise. Detection of stimuli depends on the intensity of the stimuli, environmental noise, response criteria, physical factors such as fatigue or healthiness, and psychological factors such as motivation or expectations.